Usually steel but could be anything cheap and able to be magnitized.  The train has to contain all the exotic goodies and all this in order to evade friction.

There is a wonderful alternative that I could build today that does exactly the same thing.  We need to lay down a smooth flat surface between the present rail build out.  Marine plywood comes to mind.  Then we set the weight down on air pads, the same way we move massive container cranes or Railway engines caround on concrete floors.  Serious tolerances and fail safes are needed here, but a mile long train should be able to slide from the top of the pass outside of San francisco all the way to Chicago.  My take home though is that this is all possible using nineteenth centiry tech.

We still must expend energy climbing grades, but that is also true for all other systems until we deploy gravity control.

Another competant alternative is to design airships able to operate as drones and carry one hundred tons.  they still must burn energy though to move.

Yet either alternative impresses me as superipr to the Maglev system.

A Brilliant Demonstration of Magnets & the Promise of Levitating Trains (1975)

in Science, Technology | October 7th, 2021

https://www.openculture.com/2021/10/a-brilliant-demonstration-of-magnets-the-promise-of-levitating-trains-1975.html?

For a brief time in the 1980s, it seemed like trains powered by maglev — magnetic levitation — might just solve transportation problems everywhere, maybe even replacing air travel, thereby eliminating one of the most vexing sources of carbon emissions. Maglev trains don't use fuel; they don't require very much power by comparison with other sources of high speed travel; they don't produce emissions; they're quiet, require less maintenance than other trains, and can travel at speeds of 300 mph and more. In fact, the fastest maglev train to date, unveiled this past summer in Qingdao, China, can reach speeds of up to 373 miles per hour (600 kph).

So, why isn't the planet criss-crossed by maglev trains? asks Dave Hall at The Guardian, citing the fact that the first maglev train was launched in the UK in 1984, after which Germany, Japan, and China followed suit. It seems to come down, as such things do, to "political will." Without significant commitment from governments to reshape the transportation infrastructure of their countries, maglev trains remain a dream, the monorails of the future that never materialize. Even in China, where government mandate can institute mass changes at will, the development of maglev trains has not meant their deployment. The new train could, theoretically, ferry travelers between Shanghai to Beijing in 2.5 hours… if it had the track.