In the early years, under the shadow of the Cold War and Germany's partition, the vast majority of men did their service in the territorial army, the navy, or the air force. Just a few thousand became Zivis. But the number of Zivis slowly rose. The small, post-1945 pacifist movement grew in strength during the Vietnam War in the 1970s and the nuclear disarmament campaign in the mid-1980s. By the early 1990s, there were more than one hundred thousand Zivis ?" those choosing civilian service exceeded the number of military conscripts. From the 1990s until the end of mandatory service, the majority of men called up chose to serve as Zivis, rather than carry a weapon.