For starters, the three countries have been key backers of the al-Assad regime. Their weakened support significantly contributed to Assad's collapse of power.

Russia, where Assad is in exile, has been a major supporter, providing military aid and deploying mercenaries to bolster the regime.

Yet more than two years of war in Ukraine have strained Russian resources. Although Russia still held naval and air bases in Syria, its ability to assist Assad was limited.

Iran, too, has played a vital role by giving direct financial and military help. But Iran has been hit hard by sanctions and its proxies have been incapacitated by Israel, reducing its capacity to aid Syria.

Iranian proxies such as Hezbollah and Hamas have been impaired by Israel after Hamas launched a terrorist attack on Israel in October last year. In September, Israel's alleged detonation of thousands of pagers and walkie-talkies used by Hezbollah in Lebanon severely impaired confidence in the group's leadership.

China has backed Assad by vetoing United Nations resolutions against his regime and by offering investments and aid, and no direct military assistance has been reported. The Chinese Communist regime has historically been opportunistic in backing anti-Western regimes. When the strategic or economic costs became too high, Chinese support tended to shift.

The opposing forces in today's world echo the arguments of the late Harvard Professor Samuel Huntington, who wrote "The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order," published in 1996.

The scholar predicted two major global blocs: one led by the United States and its Western allies and the other by China, supported by Russia and several Islamic countries. Although his description of post-Cold War conflicts seemed remotely possible when his book was published, today's global geopolitical landscape resonates with his vision.

Syria's future is still uncertain. Should it descend into a failed state, it could mirror a post-2001 Afghanistan or present-day Yemen characterized by lawlessness, internal conflict, and lack of central governance.