However, the growth of aquaculture has come at the expense of the environment and the health of the fish. This results in the potential for major disease problems and food safety issues, according to a 2022 article in Frontiers Immunology.

As livestock, fish succumb to the same synthetic treatments as other commercial livestock. According to MDPI, a member of the United Nations Global Compact, in the name of Sustainability: vaccines have a significant role in managing live stocks.  

Vaccines have been applied as "preventive measures" in fish to reduce the chance of diseases such as rabies, as well as parasitic and bacterial pathogens, which occur as part of the commercial farming process. Rabies in fish? [That is another fish story for another time]. Meanwhile…