However, CNTs are difficult to work with as they tend to agglomerate, making it hard to obtain a uniform dispersion. Moreover, conventional methods limit control over CNT distribution and shape.

To overcome these challenges, researchers are turning to additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing methods, such as vat photopolymerization (VPP), which offer excellent design freedom with high printing accuracy.

In this method, a light is used to selectively cure and harden layers of an ink within a vat, gradually building a 3D object. Despite its advantages, it also poses several challenges. The presence of CNTs affects the printability and curing properties of the inks. Moreover, simultaneously achieving high stretchability and electrical conductivity is a major challenge.