 |
REAL TIME SPOT PRICES
Bitcoin Average: $80171.69
Gold: $4699.5 Change: $(14.90)
Silver: $86.33 Change: $(0.12)
|
|
|
ARCHIVED NEWSLETTER |
|
Sign up
to receive the Freedom's Phoenix Headlines by Email. |
|
HELP FUND FREEDOM'S PHOENIX!
Make a one-time or periodic contribution.
Use your credit card or PayPal account. |
|
Join us on our
Social Networks |
Share this page with your friends
on your favorite social network:
|
 |
|
|
|
Date Sent: 2013-02-27
Freedom's Phoenix Global Edition for Wednesday, February 27, 2013 AM edition |
Bill Gross: Federal Reserve to Continue QE to At Least 2014, Currency Wars A Danger To Bond Market
Cost of Dropping Citizenship Keeps U.S. Earners From Exit -- Shelby County v. Holder pits local election control against lingering racism -- JPMorgan to cut up to 17,000 jobs by end of 2014 -- Mass Release of Immigrants Is Tied to Impending Cuts -- Sec. of State Kerry tells Germans, Americans have a "right to be stupid" -- Syria civil war threatens to pull Lebanon into conflict, UN says -- The Pirate Bay sets sail for Norway and Spain following legal woes in Sweden -- Chuck Hagel Approved for Secretary of Defense -- Bernanke: Fed bond-buying is bearing fruit, will stay in place -- Supreme Court weighs DNA ‘fingerprinting’ -- Fluoridation Levels by County -- Is Millionaire Space Tourist Planning Trip to Mars? -- Stuxnet Missing Link Found, Resolves Some Mysteries Around the Cyberweapon -- Supreme Court Thwarts Challenge to Warrantless Surveillance -- DARPA Wants to Rethink the Helicopter to Make It Go Way Faster --
How the CIA Used a Fake Sci-Fi Flick to Rescue Americans From Tehran --
New Privately Built Rocket Passes Key Engine Test -- Bill Gross:
Federal Reserve to Continue QE to At Least 2014, Currency Wars A Danger
To Bond Market -- Gibbs: "I was told not to acknowledge existence of drone program as Obama Press Secretary" -- Beretta to Maryland: Enact gun laws and we may be outta here -- Supreme Court Rejects Lawsuit Challenging Warrantless Surveillance -- Fluoridation Levels by County -- Fischer: No constitutional or
God-given right to ‘immoral’ gay sex -- Deepwater trial: Oil spill a
‘classic failure’ of BP management -- Profile of Imperial Lawlessness --
UK takes 9/11 truth to court -- 02-26-13 -- Rob Hinojosa - Cody Wilson - Pasha Roberts (mp3 & Video LOADED) -- 02-26-13 -- Ernest Hancock to guest host for John Bush's Rise Up Radio - (Video & MP3 Loaded)
AZ: "No Dinosaurs in Heaven" Screening (The Objectivists
host) Thurs. 28th; Arizona Breakfast Club Sat., March 2nd.; FIRST EVER PRIVATE GUN SHOW - Sat, March 9th, 2013 in Lakeside, AZ; Lincoln Day Dinner and Auction with Keynote Speaker, Sheriff Richard Mack
|
News Link • Federal Reserve
Bill Gross: Federal Reserve to Continue QE to At Least 2014, Currency Wars A Danger To Bond Market
02-26-2013
•
Daily Paul.com
Bill Gross, co-chief investment officer at Pacific Investment Management Co., talks about the outlook for Federal Reserve monetary policy and debt purchases, known as quantitative easing.
Read Full Story
•
•
|
|
Reported by:
Robert Lee
|
News Link • TAXES: Federal
Cost of Dropping Citizenship Keeps U.S. Earners From Exit
02-26-2013
•
Bloomberg
The U.S. taxes citizens on their worldwide income even if they live in another country. The U.S. government generally imposes an exit tax on high earners to discourage them from expatriating as a way of avoiding taxes.
Read Full Story
•
•
|
|
Reported by:
Powell Gammill
|
News Link • Voting - Election Integrity
Shelby County v. Holder pits local election control against lingering racism
02-26-2013
•
The Lookout
The Supreme Court prepares to hear Shelby County v. Holder which may determine the constitutionality of nearly 5 decades of voting rights legislation and a referendum of sorts on how far their county has evolved on voting rights
Read Full Story
•
•
|
|
Reported by:
Powell Gammill
|
News Link • Economy - Economics USA
JPMorgan to cut up to 17,000 jobs by end of 2014
02-26-2013
•
Reuters
JPMorgan Chase & Co (JPM.N) said on Tuesday that it plans to cut 17,000 jobs by the end of 2014, representing about 6.6 percent of the company's overall workforce, as the bank sheds staff that helped it deal with bad home loans.
Read Full Story
•
•
|
|
Reported by:
Powell Gammill
|
News Link • Immigration
Mass Release of Immigrants Is Tied to Impending Cuts
02-26-2013
•
New York Times
Federal immigration officials have released hundreds of detainees from detention centers around the country in recent days in a highly unusual effort to save money as automatic budget cuts loom in Washington, officials said Tuesday.
Read Full Story
•
•
|
|
Reported by:
Powell Gammill
|
News Link • Obama Administration
Sec. of State Kerry tells Germans, Americans have a "right to be stupid"
02-26-2013
•
Reuters
why our Supreme Court allows one group or another to march in a parade even though it's the most provocative thing in the world and they carry signs that are an insult to one group or another. The reason is, that's freedom, freedom of speech.
Read Full Story
•
•
|
|
Reported by:
Powell Gammill
|
News Link • Syria
Syria civil war threatens to pull Lebanon into conflict, UN says
02-26-2013
•
Reuters
The UN expressed renewed concern that Lebanon could be drawn into Syria's worsening 2-year-old civil war, which the world body said developed sectarian overtones and been aggravated by foreign fighters and extremist groups.
Read Full Story
•
•
|
|
Reported by:
Powell Gammill
|
News Link • Internet
The Pirate Bay sets sail for Norway and Spain following legal woes in Sweden
02-26-2013
•
.
Following threats of increased legal action from a local anti-piracy group, Sweden’s Pirate Party will no longer host the The Pirate Bay, a website it has provided bandwidth to for the last 3 years. Responsibilities of hosting the file-sharing site
Read Full Story
•
•
|
|
Reported by:
Powell Gammill
|
News Link • Obama Administration
Chuck Hagel Approved for Secretary of Defense
02-26-2013
•
New York Times
After escaping a filibuster from members of his own party, Mr. Hagel, a former Republican senator from Nebraska, prevailed in a 58-to-41 vote " the smallest margin for a defense secretary since the position was created in 1947,
Read Full Story
•
•
|
|
Reported by:
Powell Gammill
|
News Link • Federal Reserve
Bernanke: Fed bond-buying is bearing fruit, will stay in place
02-26-2013
•
Washington Post
Federal Reserve Chairman Ben S. Bernanke reaffirmed the central bank’s commitment to its massive stimulus program on Tuesday, tamping down speculation about a pullback that spooked stock markets last week.
Read Full Story
•
•
|
|
Reported by:
Powell Gammill
|
News Link • Bill of Rights
Supreme Court weighs DNA ‘fingerprinting’
02-26-2013
•
Washington Post
The Supreme Court debated whether Maryland’s decision to collect DNA samples from people arrested for serious crimes represents an unconstitutional invasion of privacy or a crime-solving breakthrough with the potential to be the “fingerprinting of th
Read Full Story
•
•
|
|
Reported by:
Powell Gammill
|
News Link • History
The cycle of government has been studied and philosophized by many ancient philosophers. Also called
02-26-2013
•
Matthew Schnackenberg
Starting with Timocracy, ruled by the honorable or honored hierarchy, it evolves into an oligarchy as people push for more freedoms followed by democracy, then it regresses back to Timocracy through the Tyranny stage of the cycle.
Read Full Story
•
•
|
|
Reported by:
Matt Schnackenberg
|
News Link • Techno Gadgets
New App Turns Your iPhone Into a Mobile Urine Lab
02-26-2013
•
http://www.wired.com, By Michael V. Copeland
For entrepreneur Myshkin Ingawale the logic was unassailable. Everybody pees. And everyone has a cellphone. “There has to be something going on there,” Ingawale told a chuckling crowd at the TED conference.
Read Full Story
•
•
|
|
Reported by:
Robert Lee
|
News Link • Water Issues-Water Fluoridation
Fluoridation Levels by County
02-26-2013
•
economicpolicyjournal.com
Fluoridation is government way over stepping their bounds and the fluoride itself is bad for you, read Laurence Vance, Murray Rothbard and Joseph Mercola.
Read Full Story
•
•
|
|
Reported by:
Robert Lee
|
News Link • Space Travel and Exploration
Is Millionaire Space Tourist Planning Trip to Mars?
02-26-2013
•
http://www.space.com, by Mike Wall
Buzz is building about a planned 2018 private mission to Mars, which may launch the first humans toward the Red Planet.
Read Full Story
•
•
|
|
Reported by:
Robert Lee
|
News Link • Science, Medicine and Technology
Experiments on Cadavers Settle 100 Year-Old Puzzle
02-26-2013
•
http://www.technologyreview.com
Langer lines map out the pattern of forces within the skin but nobody knew what caused them. Until now.
Read Full Story
•
•
|
|
Reported by:
Robert Lee
|
News Link • Hacking, Cyber Security
Stuxnet Missing Link Found, Resolves Some Mysteries Around the Cyberweapon
02-26-2013
•
http://www.wired.com, By Kim Zetter
As Iran met in Kazakhstan this week with members of the UN Security Council to discuss its nuclear program, researchers announced that a new variant of the sophisticated cyberweapon known as Stuxnet had been found, which predates other known versions
Read Full Story
•
•
|
|
Reported by:
Robert Lee
|
News Link • Technology: Software
Anand Agarawala demos BumpTop
02-26-2013
•
http://www.ted.com
Anand Agarawala presents BumpTop, a user interface that takes the usual desktop metaphor to a glorious, 3-D extreme, transforming file navigation into a freewheeling playground of crumpled documents and clipping-covered "walls."
Read Full Story
•
•
|
|
Reported by:
Robert Lee
|
News Link • Justice and Judges
Supreme Court Thwarts Challenge to Warrantless Surveillance
02-26-2013
•
http://www.wired.com, By David Kravets
A divided Supreme Court halted a legal challenge Tuesday to a once-secret warrantless surveillance project that gobbles up Americans’ electronic communications, a program that Congress eventually legalized in 2008 and again in 2012.
Read Full Story
•
•
|
|
Reported by:
Robert Lee
|
News Link • Technology: Software
The Ever-Changing Forest Comes to Life in This Beautiful Time-Lapse Video
02-26-2013
•
http://www.wired.com, By Adam Mann
In case you’re feeling some winter gloom, keep in mind that time is never standing still and the next season is just around the corner.
Read Full Story
•
•
|
|
Reported by:
Robert Lee
|
News Link • Techno Gadgets
Touch-Free Gestural Interfacing Becomes Real With This Fingermouse
02-26-2013
•
http://www.wired.com, By Nathan Hurst
Wearable accelerometers aren’t just for fitness trackers anymore. Newly founded Innovative Developments is releasing Mycestro, a wearable “fingermouse,” via Kickstarter.
Read Full Story
•
•
|
|
Reported by:
Robert Lee
|
News Link • Science, Medicine and Technology
Darpa Wants to Rethink the Helicopter to Make It Go Way Faster
02-26-2013
•
http://www.wired.com, By Spencer Ackerman
Helicopters are great. They’re maneuverable in very tight spaces, they haul heavy things relative to their small sizes " and, very importantly, they take off and land vertically, removing the need for a big airstrip or aircraft-carrier deck.
Read Full Story
•
•
|
|
Reported by:
Robert Lee
|
News Link • Central Intelligence Agency
How the CIA Used a Fake Sci-Fi Flick to Rescue Americans From Tehran
02-26-2013
•
http://www.wired.com, By Joshuah Bearman
November 4, 1979, began like any other day at the US embassy in Tehran. The staff filtered in under gray skies, the marines manned their posts, and the daily crush of anti-American protestors massed outside the gate chanting, “Allahu akbar! Marg bar
Read Full Story
•
•
|
|
Reported by:
Robert Lee
|
News Link • Space Travel and Exploration
Private Spacecraft Builder to Test-Fire Rocket Engine Tonight
02-26-2013
•
space.com
A commercial spaceflight company is counting down to a key rocket engine test in Virginia tonight (Feb. 22) for a new private rocket designed for space station missions.
Read Full Story
•
•
|
|
Reported by:
Robert Lee
|
News Link • Space Travel and Exploration
New Privately Built Rocket Passes Key Engine Test
02-26-2013
•
space.com
A new commercial rocket designed to launch unmanned cargo missions to the International Space Station passed a key engine test Friday night (Feb. 22), setting the stage for the booster's debut flight in the months ahead, NASA officials say.
Read Full Story
•
•
|
|
Reported by:
Robert Lee
|
News Link • Techno Gadgets
Public Lab DIY Spectrometry Kit
02-26-2013
•
http://www.kickstarter.com, by Jeffrey Yoo Warren
This DIY kit helps analyze materials and contaminants. We need your help to build a library of open-source spectral data.
Read Full Story
•
•
|
|
Reported by:
Robert Lee
|
News Link • Animals and Pets
New Research Sheds Light On How Dogs Became Dogs
02-26-2013
•
http://www.popsci.com, By Martha Harbison
Isolation from wolves seems to be the crucial step to the evolution of the modern domesticated dog.
Read Full Story
•
•
|
|
Reported by:
Robert Lee
|
News Link • Obama Administration
Gibbs: "I was told not to acknowledge existence of drone program as Obama Press Secretary"
02-26-2013
•
Daily Paul.com
Robert Gibbs, President Barack Obama's former press secretary, says that he was once instructed by the White House not to acknowledge the administration's use of drones.
Read Full Story
•
•
|
|
Reported by:
Robert Lee
|
News Link • Gun Rights
Beretta to Maryland: Enact gun laws and we may be outta here
02-26-2013
•
bizpacreview.com
The domestic arm of Beretta, Italy’s respected gunmaker, is considering pulling up stakes from its 35-year home in Maryland and moving on to greener pastures.
Read Full Story
•
•
|
|
Reported by:
Robert Lee
|
News Link • Surveillance
Supreme Court Rejects Lawsuit Challenging Warrantless Surveillance
02-26-2013
•
http://news.antiwar.com, by John Glaser
Unless you can prove you're being surveilled in a program the government keeps secret, you have no right to sue
Read Full Story
•
•
|
|
Reported by:
Robert Lee
|
News Link • Environment
Comic Lee Camp: ‘Fracking is Sexy And F-cking Excellent’
02-26-2013
•
Raw Story
Comedian Lee Camp assailed the practice of fracking in a video released on Monday, mocking supporters of the practice who insist it is safe while arguing they should not have to reveal the chemicals involved.
Read Full Story
•
•
|
|
Reported by:
Robert Lee
|
News Link • Sexuality: Sex and the Law
Fischer: No constitutional or God-given right to ‘immoral’ gay sex
02-26-2013
•
Raw Story
Bryan Fischer, the director of issues analysis of the fundamentalist American Family Association (AFA), says that gay men and lesbians have no right to engage in sexual activities because God, the laws of nature and the U.S. Constitution do not .....
Read Full Story
•
•
|
|
Reported by:
Robert Lee
|
News Link • Gulf Oil Spill
Deepwater trial: Oil spill a ‘classic failure’ of BP management
02-26-2013
•
Raw Story
Former BP consultant describes culture of greed that led to worst oil spill in US history as sprawling civil case continues
Read Full Story
•
•
|
|
Reported by:
Robert Lee
|
News Link • Government
Bipartisan bills would force feds to recognize marijuana’s medical value
02-26-2013
•
Raw Story
Two new bills introduced Monday by Rep. Earl Blumenauer (D-OR) and Rep. Sam Farr (D-CA) aim to help medical marijuana patients defend themselves in court and open up new avenues of scientific research into the drug.
Read Full Story
•
•
|
|
Reported by:
Robert Lee
|
News Link • Economy - Economics USA
Toyota to ship U.S.-built cars to Russia and Ukraine
02-26-2013
•
Raw Story
Toyota will begin exporting US-built cars to Russia and Ukraine in the coming months, the Japanese automaker said Tuesday.
Read Full Story
•
•
|
|
Reported by:
Robert Lee
|
News Link • Philosophy: Libertarianism
Today on LewRockwell.com - Tuesday February 26th 2013
02-26-2013
•
LewRockwell.com
Want the Right To Bear Arms? Then support the right to smoke dope / Civil Unrest and War / Son Shoots Home Invader To save his parents / Humiliation at the Oscars. Pro-torture CIA movie "Zero Dark Thirty" is the biggest loser
Read Full Story
•
•
|
|
Reported by:
Ernest Hancock
|
News Link • 911 / World Trade Center
UK takes 9/11 truth to court
02-26-2013
•
Jeffrey Phelps
Despite the many efforts over the years to squash the 9/11 truth movement, the debate rages on, but this time across the pond in the UK.
On Monday, February 25, in the small town of Horsham in the United Kingdom, an unusual opportunity for the 9/1
Read Full Story
•
•
|
|
Reported by:
Thomas Costanzo
|
News Link • Science
Rosseta Stone for ProtoLanguages
02-26-2013
•
arclein
The language nerd in me, was, therefore, excited to discover that scientists from UC Berkeley and the University of British Columbia have created a computer program to rapidly reconstruct vocabularies of ancient languages using only their modern lang
Read Full Story
•
•
|
|
Reported by:
robert klein
|
News Link • Religion: Believers
Catholic Church Internal Peace?
02-26-2013
•
arclein
Each side blames the errors of the other for the troubles of the church. So the sex abuse scandal is either due to authoritarian clergy and a corrupt culture of celibacy, or to liberal slackness. The fall in attendance is either due to the refusal of
Read Full Story
•
•
|
|
Reported by:
robert klein
|
News Link • Science, Medicine and Technology
Scientists Prove You Can Think Your Way to Wellness
02-26-2013
•
arclein
One very ‘accepted’ example of how thoughts can produce self-healing is when patients demonstrate improved health benefits after being given placebos. It has been found that participants often respond positively to placebos due to the expectation tha
Read Full Story
•
•
|
|
Reported by:
robert klein
|
News Link • Economy - Economics USA
Financial Transactions Tax
02-26-2013
•
arclein
The essence of her piece was a suggestion to engage in a quantitative easing (or "QE") policy for households and consumers. To date, the Federal Reserve, the US central bank, has pumped more than $3 trillion directly into banks, speculators and ot
Read Full Story
•
•
|
|
Reported by:
robert klein
|
News Link • Economy - International
Mark Thornton Explains the Real Meaning of Austerity
02-25-2013
•
Lew Rockwell blog
Real austerity is not adding more difficulties on the productive sector of the economy in the form of higher taxes. The private sector produces, the public sector consumes. The IMF’s idea of raising taxes on individuals to pay off banksters
Read Full Story
•
•
|
|
Reported by:
Powell Gammill
|
News Link • Criminal Justice System
Shaming Bad Prosecutors
02-25-2013
•
by Radley Balko (Huffington Post)
U.S. Supreme Court Justice Sonia Sotomayor scolded a federal prosecutor for a racist comment he made during a drug trial. While questioning the defendant, the prosecutor asked, "You've got African-Americans, you've got Hispanics, you've got
Read Full Story
•
•
|
|
Reported by:
Powell Gammill
|
News Link • Afghanistan
Afghan President: US Military Torturing, Murdering Innocent Civilians
02-25-2013
•
http://www.commondreams.org, Craig Brown
President Hamid Karzai had ordered the Ministry of Defense to kick out the US Special Forces
Read Full Story
•
•
|
|
Reported by:
Robert Lee
|
News Link • Environment
Now Six - Not One - Hanford Tanks Leaking Radioactive Waste
02-25-2013
•
http://www.commondreams.org, Craig Brown
Governor: "This is disturbing news"
Read Full Story
•
•
|
|
Reported by:
Robert Lee
|
News Link • Israel - Palestine
Autopsy: Palestinian Prisoner Died of 'Extreme Torture' in Israeli Custody
02-25-2013
•
http://www.commondreams.org, Craig Brown
An autopsy on the body of Arafat Jaradat, a 30-year-old father of two, showed that he died of "extreme torture" in Israeli custody and did not have a cardiac arrest, the Palestinian Authority Minister of Detainee Affairs said Sunday.
Read Full Story
•
•
|
|
Reported by:
Robert Lee
|
News Link • Torture
“I Begged for Them to Stop”: Waterboarding Americans and the Redefinition of Torture
02-25-2013
•
http://www.commondreams.org, by Nick Turse
Try to remain calm -- even as you begin to feel your chest tighten and your heart race.
Read Full Story
•
•
|
|
Reported by:
Robert Lee
|
News Link • Entertainment: Movies
Hollywood History: CIA Sponsored “Zero Dark Thirty”, Oscar for “Best Propaganda Picture”
02-25-2013
•
http://www.globalresearch.ca, By Patrick Henningse
‘Hollywood history’ is all the rage these days, but it comes at a huge cost
Read Full Story
•
•
|
|
Reported by:
Robert Lee
|
News Link • Welfare: Corporate
Fed's Big Ag Policy is Anything But "Green"
02-24-2013
•
Lew Rockwell blog
So why would farmers plow up such risky land? Simple: Federal policy has made it a high-reward, tiny-risk proposition. Prices for corn and soy doubled in real terms, driven up by federal corn-ethanol mandates and relentless Wall Street speculation.
Read Full Story
•
•
|
|
Reported by:
Powell Gammill
|
News Link • Law Enforcers or Peace Officers
Are Suspects Just Too Tough?
02-24-2013
•
Simple Justice
No clue what happened or why this individual became the focus of police attention, but the visuals are pretty clear. It raises a question, however. Are all perps so darn tough that they require so many police officers to beat them at once?
Read Full Story
•
•
|
|
Reported by:
Powell Gammill
|
News Link • Law Enforcers or Peace Officers
Maryland Cop Arrests Man for Recording Despite Previous Case Law Allowing it
02-24-2013
•
Photography Is Not a Crime
As we’ve seen so many times before, the Montgomery County police officer whose last name is Johnson wasn’t interested in hearing about the actual law once he announced that recording police in public was illegal.
Read Full Story
•
•
|
|
Reported by:
Powell Gammill
|
News Link • Economy - Economics USA
Obama's Washington Monument Syndrome
02-24-2013
•
Lew Rockwell blog
Faced with the threat of federal government spending increasing by "only" 7% instead of some higher, pie-in-the-sky amount, the Obammunists are busy crying "BUDGET CUTS!!!!!" knowing that no one has proposed "cutting" a red cent from the federal budg
Read Full Story
•
•
|
|
Reported by:
Powell Gammill
|
News Link • Self-Help: Rational Living
The Most Dangerous Prevalent Virus
02-24-2013
•
Christine Smith's Blog
There is a virus far more prevalent than any of the biological viruses often discussed present in society today, one that has withstood thousands of years of some men’s fight against it, and is passed from generation to generation.
Read Full Story
•
•
|
|
Reported by:
Christine -
|
News Link • Welfare: Social
Fear of U.S. Cuts Grows in States Where Aid Flows
02-24-2013
•
New York Times
States are increasingly alarmed at Washington’s latest fiscal battle, fearing that the impasse could saddle them with across-the-board spending cuts that threaten to slow their fragile recoveries or thrust them back into recession.
Read Full Story
•
•
|
|
Reported by:
Powell Gammill
|
News Link • Corruption
Libor scandal no threat to Deutsche Bank co-chief Jain
02-24-2013
•
Reuters
Deutsche Bank co-chief executive Anshu Jain will likely not be sacked as a result of the investigations into the bank for manipulating Libor interbank rates, three people with knowledge of the matter told Reuters.
Read Full Story
•
•
|
|
Reported by:
Powell Gammill
|
News Link • Transportation: Air Travel
United Airlines Kicks Travel Writer Off Flight for Photographing Video Monitor in Front of Him
02-24-2013
•
.
A travel writer was kicked off a United Airlines flight for taking a picture of the video monitor in front of him, forcing him to dish out an additional $225 to find another cross Atlantic flight from Newark to Istanbul.The flight attendant who had h
Read Full Story
•
•
|
|
Reported by:
Powell Gammill
|
News Link • Federal Reserve
Fed Officials Debate Bank’s Losses Once Economy Mends
02-24-2013
•
New York Times
The Federal Reserve’s plans for the eventual wind-down of its economic stimulus campaign could provoke a political reaction that will make it more difficult to control inflation, a current Fed official and a former Fed governor said Friday.
Read Full Story
•
•
|
|
Reported by:
Powell Gammill
|
| Tags: freedoms, phoenix, archives, politics, libertarian, alternative, government, freedom |
|
|
Opinion • 
Feature Article • 
Feature Article • 
